You've probably seen serial numbers before. Nearly every piece of the computer has a serial number including your monitor, keyboard, mouse and sometimes even your entire computer system as a whole. Internal components such as hard drives, optical drives and motherboards also contain serial numbers.
Serial numbers are used my manufacturers to track individual items, usually for quality control. For example, if a piece of hardware is recalled for some reason, customers are usually made aware of which particular devices need service by being provided a range of serial numbers.

